Strategies to reduce the cost disadvantage are outlined. Under certain conditions, the transformation of manual steep slope sites into TTs can be a viable economic option. Climate change-related drought and yield losses further increase the economic unsustainability of steep slopes. Current subsidies fall short of covering the economic disadvantage of manual and rope-assisted steep slopes. The cost disadvantage of steep slopes mainly stems from viticultural processes with limited mechanisability that require specialised equipment and many repetitions. Manual management of steep slopes was determined to be 2.6 times more costly than standard flat terrain viticulture. The net present value (NPV) of reshaping slopes into horizontal terraces was also assessed. The costs for standard viticultural processes were compared across five site types with different mechanisation intensities by univariate analysis of variance with fixed and random effects. Costs were derived from a dataset of 2321 working time records for labour and machine hours from five German wine estates over three years.
It also examined under what conditions the reshaping of steep slope vineyards into transversal terraces (TTs) is economically viable. This study quantified the production costs of different types of steep slopes, identified cost drivers within viticultural processes and assessed the impact of grape yield on the production cost for vertical shoot positioning (VSP) systems. So the way you do that is you go direct-to-consumer,” he said.The falling fallow of steep slope vineyards is caused by cost disadvantages that have not been analysed so far. “You have to try to make sure that you can capture the people that are leaving that ecosystem, but still want your service. That means that content providers have to meet viewers where they are, said Adam Deutsch, who is with Deloitte Consulting and used to work for ESPN. Research from the consulting firm Madison and Wall estimates there are 77 million pay-TV subscribers in the U.S., which is down about 25% from a peak in 2012. “It makes money through selling advertising and subscription.” It was born in 1979, and the way we watch ESPN kinda dates back from that time, said Charles Schreger, a professor at both NYU and Fordham. If ESPN was a person, it’d be a young Gen X-er. Then the Wall Street Journal reported this week that the company is actively preparing for such a shift under a project with the internal code name “Flagship.” There’s no timeline given, but such a move might shake up the streaming landscape, and would definitely shake up the cable industry. ESPN is owned by Disney, and in an earnings call last week, CEO Bob Iger said the migration was “an inevitability.” There’s been talk in the media industry for years that ESPN’s flagship cable channel would eventually be available on streaming.
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